ABSTRACT

1. 5 Perceptual Systems Perception
2. The Senses Considered As Perceptual Systems
3. What Are The 5 Perceptual Systems

This editorial introduces the first part of a 2-part special issue of Ecological Psychology dedicated to James J. Gibson's 1966 book, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, which presents many revolutionary ideas that are important not only for the study of perception but also for the science of psychology in general including the rejection of the mechanistic and dualistic stimulus-response formula (cf. Dewey, 1896), the rejection of sensation-based theories of perception, and the insistence that the unit of investigation and explanation is the mutual relation between people and other animals and their environments.

• Gibson shows with many and varied examples that the perceiver is an active participant, who searches for stable factors (invariants) in his environment. Primitive examples of invariants are that light generally comes from above, and that the pull of gravity is downwards.
• The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. The cooperation of supposedly separate senses. It has been reformulated by Gibson in terms of a perceptual. Gibson James Jerome, (1996), “The senses Considered as. Download full-text PDF. The senses considered as perceptual systems. 4.2 IXD Media Transduction.pdf.

The importance of a scientist's work may be weighed by the influence of his or her contributions to the scientific community. This is sometimes a case of direct influence upon students or colleagues, whereas at other times it may be less direct. Probably one of the ways a scientist may have the broadest impact is when his book, discovered on the shelves of an overseas university library, inspires a group of scholars to undertake a research program in response. In our case, James J. Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, has indeed profoundly influenced our research activity. Perhaps in this way the book's purpose is fulfilled, and its last sentence has taken on a life of its own: “This book is dedicated to all persons who want to look for themselves” (p. 321).

The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, by J. Gibson Citations.

This special issue of Ecological Psychology is a tribute to James J. Gibson and in particular to this book, which of all his intellectual works most radically established his foundation of ecological psychology as a field. The idea of convening papers from distinguished ecological psychologists to discuss Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] theoretical contributions has become this two-part special issue, which aims to honor Gibson's work and to show the longevity and wide reach of his influence 50 years later.

Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book, the second of three (Gibson, 1950Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Crossref], [Google Scholar], 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar], 1979/1986Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1979)[Google Scholar]), presents a revolutionary theory of perception, and its pioneering ideas are relevant not only for that study but also for the science of psychology and for direct-realism epistemology (Gibson, 1967Gibson, J. J. (1967). New reasons for realism. Synthese, 17, 162–172.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). In The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (1966), Gibson considered sensory impressions as merely incidental. That is, perception is direct, not mediated by sensations. He rejected the view of perception as a passive process; instead he proposed that animals actively seek information through exploratory movements. Although Gibson continues to be misrepresented in the textbooks as a pure stimulus-response theorist, the 1966 book represents his fundamental challenge to that still influential schema. In this book, Gibson also developed the concept of invariants, proposing their detection as the basis for the organism's perception and learning. He questioned the opposition between distal and proximal stimulation for perception as well as the traditional sharp separation between perceiving, remembering, and expecting.

In the foreword to Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book, Leonard Carmichael wrote, “This novel and challenging book makes a most important contribution to the assumptions underlying all scientific concern with living organisms, especially human beings,” and concluded by asserting that “certainly not all professional students of mental life will agree with all the conclusions of this book. But it will be a brave psychologist indeed who feels he can afford to be ignorant of what is said in it” (p. vi).

Edwin Boring, another very well respected member of the American psychological establishment, praised Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book not only for its originality but also for its provocation:

Certainly, Gibson's volume is the most original work we have had in the field of sense-perception for a long, long time. … The details invite dissent, and the progress of civilization depends, of course, on the interaction of dissents. (Boring, 1967Boring, E. G. (1967). The senses considered as perceptual systems by James J. Gibson. The American Journal of Psychology, 80, 150–154.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar], p. 154)

5 Perceptual Systems Perception

Over the last 50 years, the book's influence has steadily grown. Research programs around the world have been created, and prestigious researchers continue to accept the challenge that ecological psychology proposed as an alternative to orthodox psychology. Prominent scholars contributing to the first part of this two-part special issue discuss insights into Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book with their four pieces constituting further development of Gibson's ideas.

Authoring the opening article are H. A. Sedgwick and Barbara Gillam, who make a critical analysis of the highly influential but taken-for-granted idea of modularity in the study of visual space perception. According to the authors, the modularity approach, as opposed to Gibson's (1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar]) ideas, fails to consider perception as an active process. They propose that surfaces and the relations between them are fundamental to providing elements for structuring visual space perception.

A review article by Claudia Carello and Michael T. Turvey summarizes the research on haptic perception derived from Gibson's work. The authors emphasize that Gibson's (1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar]) analysis of extracting invariants through dynamic touch had implications for the further notion of affordances developed in his 1979/1986Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1979)[Google Scholar] book. The authors introduce the dynamic systems approach to analyzing processes for detecting haptic information. Carello and Turvey rightly note that this was just the start of further theoretical and empirical research that the Gibson 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book would inspire over the next 50 years.

The Senses Considered As Perceptual Systems

The issue continues with a piece by Harry Heft, who points out that Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book emphasizes the importance of sociocultural issues for a theory of perception. He develops Gibson's assumption that social interaction among humans (or animals) provides perceptual information and is part of a behavioral loop. Using the postal system as an example, Heft proposes that this system should be understood as a social structure, the awareness of which is real (not a mental representation) because of its grounding in a complex set of social practices from everyday life.

Finally, Vicente Raja, Zvi Biener, and Anthony Chemero focus on the idea of embodiment underlying Gibson's approach. In the history of modern science authors such as Kepler, Descartes, and Newton departed from Aristotelian teleological and intentional explanations toward those based upon interaction between bodies. This scientific revolution revealed an embodied approach situated in the physical-mathematical domain. And in the psychological domain, along with these scientists, is joined the name of James J. Gibson.

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In summary, the four pieces presented here show the influence of Gibson's 1966Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.[Google Scholar] book, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, on the study of visual space perception, haptic perception, social issues, and embodied cognition, 50 years later.

What Are The 5 Perceptual Systems

Acknowledgments

We thank Richard Schmidt, the editor of Ecological Psychology, for his generous support and guidance throughout the editorial process. We also acknowledge the reviewers of each of the papers, who kindly provided accurate and timely feedback for shaping them into their current form. Our additional appreciation goes to Ecological Psychology for supporting this special issue.

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References

• Boring, E. G. (1967). The senses considered as perceptual systems by James J. Gibson. The American Journal of Psychology, 80, 150–154.
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• Dewey, J. (1896). The reflex arc concept in psychology. Psychological Review, 3, 357–370.
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• Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
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• Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
• Gibson, J. J. (1967). New reasons for realism. Synthese, 17, 162–172.
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• Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (Original work published 1979)