Tape Reading 101 Course Download Tiger

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Audio-assisted reading is an individual or group reading activity where students read along in their books as they hear a fluent reader read the book on an audio recording (audiotape, audio book, or iPod). As confidence and reading skills develop, students read the same passage or text without the assistance of the audio recording.

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Tape Reading 101 Course Download Tigers

When to use:	Before reading	During reading	After reading
How to use:	Individually	With small groups	Whole class setting

Advanced tape reading strategies and algorithm spotting for active traders - Tape reading course. GET 50% OFF THIS COURSE BY USING THE COUPONS CODE: SLIDESHARE https://www.udemy.com/tape-reading-101-learn-how-to-read-the-tape-for-day-trading/. Audio-assisted reading is an individual or group reading. Students needing more support can be asked to listen to the tape and read. Reading 101 Course.

More fluency strategies

Why use audio-assisted reading?

It helps to build fluency skills including proper phrasing and expression.
It helps students improve sight word recognition.
It helps build comprehension.
It allows students to hear the tone and pace of a skillful reader.
It's a flexible strategy that can be used across content areas.

How to use audio-assisted reading

Choose a reading passage and audio recording of the reading that is slightly above students' independent reading levels.
Ask students to listen to the audio while following along on the paper copy of the passage.
Have students read out loud along out loud with the audio recording.
Ask students to read the passage without the audio.
Have students read and re-read along with the audio until they feel comfortable reading the text unassisted.

Notes

Observe students as they are listening and reading to ensure that they're able to follow along accurately.
Most researchers recommend that teachers (or other models of fluent reading) create the audiotapes or recordings. The recording should not include distractions such as sound effects or music.
Digital recording devices such as iPads and iPods are easy-to-use tools for audio recordings.
If limited recording devices are available, rotate students through using a timer or as one of your stations during center time.

Examples

Language Arts

This site gives teachers and parents links to various audio songs, poems, nursery rhymes, and stories which can be downloaded.

Teachers can use this website to download MP3 audio versions of chapters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

This website contains several audio books teachers can download for this fluency activity.

Looking for more children's audio books? See our article, Listen and Learn with Audio Books.

Differentiated instruction

for second language learners, students of varying reading skill, and for younger learners

Students needing more support can be asked to listen to the tape and read along with it, reading just a little slower so that they are 'echoing' the taped reading.
Students who are more skilled readers can try to stay one or two syllables ahead so that the tape is an 'echo'.
Teachers may wish to have students use the computer to listen to online-audio readings or MP3 readings for this activity.

See the research that supports this strategy

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Armbruster,B., Lehr, F., & Osborn, J. (2001). Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks for Teaching Children to Read. Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement (CIERA). http://www.nifl.gov/partnershipforreading/publications/reading_first1fluency.html

Koskinen, P. S., Blum, I. H., Bisson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., Creamer, T. S., & Baker, T. K. (1999). Shared reading, books, and audiotapes: Supporting diverse students in school and at home. The Reading Teacher, 52, 430-444.

Texas Reading Initiative. (2007). Fluency: Instructional Guidelines and Student Activities.

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Note: refer to the Core Curriculum Training Guide for more detailed information concerning the subject matter of this presentation.

This is a general list of types of drawings that can be created. The following slides will define the purpose of the drawing type what that type of drawings contains.

There are also European sizes, such as A4, which need not be discussed here.

Title blocks are typically located in the lower right corner of a drawing.
While contents from manufacturer to manufacturer may vary Title Blocks typically contain the following:
Drawing Title: identification of what the drawing contains
Company name: the company that created the drawing or manufactured the items drawin
Drawing scale: the scale the drawing was drawn in to the real world size of the item
How many sheets to the drawing there are: some drawings, especially wiring drawings and assembly drawings require many sheets to detail the item drawin
Which sheet this drawing is: what is the sheet you are currently looking at.
Designer name or initials: who designed the item
Who drew the drawing, name or initials
Who checked the drawing, name or initials
Date drawing was created
Revision block to list changes to the drawing.

Portions of a typical revision block are:
REV: the revision usually listed alphabetically with the first revision starting at A
DATE: the date the revision was made
DESCRIPTION: a short description of the change made
BY: the initials of the person making the change
CHKD BY: the initials of the person who checked the change

Bill of Material lists usually include the following:
ITEM: a numerical list of the items
QTY:The quantity of this item number used.
MANUF: The manufacturer of the item
DESCRIPTION: a brief description of what the item it
PART NUMBER: the part of number of the item, usually the one supplied by the manufacturer of the item.

Add some more examples here of typical scaling here.
Scaling a drawing varies from Architectural to Engineering preferences.
For some examples see the table below:
Mechanical Engineer
1 = full size
¼ (1/2, 1/8, etc.)
2 (3, 4, etc)
True size of part
¼ of true size
2 times true size
Architect
12” = 1’- 0”
6” = 1’– 0”
3” = 1’– 0”
Its true size
½ true size
¼ true size
Civil Engineer
1” = 1’
1” = 10’
1” = 2 miles
1/12 true size
1/120 of true size
1/63,360 true size

Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipment on a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run is continued on a second drawing.
To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, most drawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings, have a grid system.
The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally and vertically around the drawing

The following slides will detail the purpose each basic line type.

This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in architectural drawings. Tight tolerances are difficult to achieve in the fractional inch dimensioning methods.

This type of dimensioning is more commonly used in mechanical drawings since it allows more accuracy and tighter tolerances. Most measuring tools, like dial calipers are scaled in decimal.

The metric system is similar to the decimal system in accuracy and is used in almost all drawing outside of the United States.

Note: as shown in the example drawing this method distorts the image of the box. The next method of viewing, called orthographic projection is used to remove this distortion

The three views normally drawn are:
Top, which is sometimes called the plan view
Front, or front elevation
Right side, or right elevation

See 5.2
Working drawings: have much of the information the architects design drawing contains, but is much more detailed and are used by the builders for erection of a building. The are fully dimensioned and can include specific drawings for utilities, lighting, plumbing.
Structural drawings: these drawings will include the framework of a building, the foundations, the supporting columns.
Floor Plans: these layouts show the arrangement and location of different pieces of machinery, offices and any other objects.
Elevation drawings: are related to floor plans and show the vertical views of a building.
Section drawings: sections are cutaway drawings that show details of construction and areas.
Flow diagrams: these are used when a pattern of product flow needs to be documented and are intended to show how material may flow through a plant.

Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matter how small.
The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow.
From this, the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined.

Terminals or terminations of wiring are shown with a dot at the crossed wiring. A common practice used to illustrate terminal strips through out drawings is to put a square around the termination dot and label that symbol with the terminal strip number followed by the terminal position on the terminal strip.

Note how the dashed line is used to indicate how the contacts are mechanically connected together and are operated simultaneously. This is a common practice for switches and occasionally relay contacts.

The similarities between the resistor, tapped resistor and rheostat is simple, they are also resistors. Just ones of different construction. Occasionally the rheostat or potentiometer symbols are interchanged since the function the similar.

It is a common practice to put terminal circles (as illustrated on the solenoid) at the end of the contact and coil symbols to illustrate termination numbers of the coils to plug in sockets and mounts for the relays.

The inductor symbol is used to define the field winding of a motor. It can be drawn in various combinations depending on the DC motor type.

There are many types of transformers with variations of secondary and primary windings. The symbol is usually modified to illustrate those differences and the main purpose of the symbol is to illustrate the required connection of wiring and jumpers for the proper function of the transformer. A common practice is to note the ratings of the transfomer.

The color of the light is typically noted in the symbols. R for red, W for white, B for blue, G for green and A for amber.

Note: if more than one contact is contained in the limit switch assembly then the contacts will be connected by a dashed line symbolically.

This can refer to air flow switches or liquid flow switches.

For a multiple position selector switch each position of the switch is illustrated with a dashed line. Where contacts are made in the circuit at dot or an “X” is used to show when a circuit is connected when the switch is rotated to that position. Normally the off position is illustrated at the center with the contacts drawn in the state of the off position. For switches with more than three positions more dashed lines are add with labels to illustrate the position.
For a two position selector switch the state of the contacts are drawn in the off or first position of the switch. When the switch is operated the contacts will change with the open contacts closing and the closed contacts opening.

Pushbuttons with multiple contacts, see double circuit, are connected by a dashed line to illustrate the switch is one assembly. If contacts of a switch are on different sheets of a drawing the dashed line will have a cross reference to the sheet and line number the other contact is on.

Also can be called mushroom head pushbuttons.

Control devices, that are represented in the wiring diagrams, are photocells, limit switches, local lights, solenoids, air pressure switches, etc.
These control devices can be identified by the wiring diagram line number or by I/O address and are represented on both "WD" and "EL” drawings for a control area. The device will have a suffix as follows; photocells (PE), proximity switch (PRS), limit switches (LS), local lights (LS), solenoids (SOL), air pressure switches (PS), tape switch (FS), etc. When a line number is used, such as 211LS, the 2 indicates that the device is on page two line 11 of the "WD" or wiring diagram and that it is a limit switch.
When the I/O address is employed, a leading digit of "I" or ."1 " is used for inputs. For Example; I0056PE or 10056PE indicates a photocell connected to input address 56. A leading digit of "O" or "0" is used for outputs. For Example; O0037ll or 00037lL indicates a local light connected to output address 37.

To differentiate between different voltages, controls, etc., a specification of wire color is set as an industry standard. Conductors are usually color-coded as follows:
(1) Black--Line, load and control circuits at line voltage, AC or DC.
(2) Red--AC control circuits.
(3) Blue--DC control circuits.
(4) Yellow--Interlock control circuits wired from an external power source.
(5) Green (with or without a yellow stripe)--Equipment grounding conductors.
(6) White--Grounded circuit conductor.
The labeling of wiring, cables and terminals is also a standard used.
Conductors are identified at each termination by marking with a number to corresponding with the diagram on the wire
Terminals on terminal blocks shall be plainly and permanently marked to correspond with the identification shown on the electrical diagram(s).

If a drawing has multiple sheets the line number will have the sheet number in front of it. For example sheet 1 the first line is 101 and on the second sheet the first line is 201

Wire-Reference Numbers
Each wire in a control circuit is assigned a reference point (number) on a line diagram to keep track of the different wires that connect the components in the circuit.
Each reference point is assigned a reference number.
Reference numbers are normally assigned from the top left to the bottom right.

Numerical cross-reference systems are required to trace the action of a circuit in complex line diagrams.
Common rules help to quickly simplify the operation of complex circuits.
NO Contacts
Relays, contactors, and magnetic motor starters normally have more than one set of auxiliary contacts.
These contacts may appear at several different locations in the line diagram.
Numerical cross-reference systems quickly identify the location and type of contacts controlled by a given device.
A numerical cross-reference system consists of numbers in parenthesis to the right of the line diagram.
NC Contacts
In addition to NO contacts, there are also NC contacts in a circuit.
To differentiate between NO and NC, NC contacts are indicated as a number which is underlined

Manufacturers of electrical relays, timers, counters, etc., include numbers on the terminal connection points.
These terminal numbers are used to identify and separate the different component parts (coil, NC contacts, etc) included on the individual pieces of equipment.
Manufacturer’s terminal numbers are often added to a line diagram after the specific equipment to be used in the control circuit is identified.

Panel and door layouts are usually a part of the electrical wiring diagrams to show the location of the devices that are mounted in the panel.
Panel Layout. - The physical position or arrangement of the components on a panel or chassis. In a panel layout the parts (such as relays, fuses, terminals for wiring, wire duct or raceways, etc.) are mounted on a removable back plate within a enclosure.
The parts are usually shown in a block form in their general location and in the size or window area the component will take on the plate.
All the components must be labeled as they are on the drawings and the terminal numbering should match terminal notes in the schematic.
The panel layout is a sheet of the overall electrical diagram.
Door Layout. – The panel door layout illustrates the location of all the pushbuttons, switches, lights, etc., and labels for those components.
BOM - with it a BOM (Bill of Materials) is also drawn which lists all the components, by manufacturer’s part numbers, that are contained within the electrical drawings and panel assembly, of which the back plate and door is but a part.

The table above illustrates a general list of how manufacturers may identify drawing numbers.
For example if a drawing number is “WD200” we then know it is a wiring diagram and if a drawing is numbers “EL100” we know it is an electrical layout which will show the location of the devices in the plant.

Where the complexity or the control system warrants. a block diagram of control functions may be furnished. Each block shall be identified and cross-referenced in a manner that the internal circuitry may be found readily on the elementary diagram.
Not all electronics prints are drawn to the level of detail depicting the individual controls and devices, nor is this level of information always necessary. These simpler drawings are called block diagrams. Block diagrams provide a means of representing any type of electronic circuit or system in a simple graphic format.
Block diagrams are designed to present flow or functional information about the circuit or system, not detailed component data.
Whatever the block represents will be written inside.

Sequence of Operation: A written detailed description of the order in which electrical devices and other parts of the equipment should function.
Sequence charts can also be tables illustrating the steps and timing of certain operations.
Sequence charts or routines are usually added as a sheet in equipment drawings if necessary.

The numbering system, for the set of drawings which shows the conveyor path and relative equipment locations with dimensions of all electrical devices external to an electrical control panel, starts with a two letter prefix "EL" for Electrical Layout Following the "EL" is a number that represents the control panel. Following this number is a sheet number.
For example; drawing number EL-XXX-2 would be an electrical layout drawing associated with XXX electrical control panel and sheet number 2 in the set.
The first few sheets, in a set of "EL” drawings, are conveyor path or equipment location layouts. These drawings show the approximate location of externally mounted electrical devices associated to that particular control panel.
The next sheet(s) are the electrical equipment schedules. These drawing sheets state the device number, mounting bracket type, means of actuation, function, and manufacture's name/part number for the externally mounted devices.

Wiring diagrams are used to show as closely as possible the actual location of each component and wire termination in a circuit.
Question: Does this circuit function like the Start Circuit Ladder Diagram previously viewed.

Page <number>
Basic Blueprint Reading
These shapes and lines in the relative proportions shown, make up a set of basic symbols from which fluid power symbols and circuits are constructed

Page <number>
Basic Blueprint Reading

The dotted line represents the feedback, this opposes the spring and can vary the flow through the valve from full flow, through shut off, to exhaust. The symbol is usually drawn in only this one state. The flow path can be imagined to hinge at the right hand end to first shut off the supply then connect to the exhaust.

The dotted line represents feed-forward, this opposes the spring and can be imagined to lift the flow path. When the pressure reaches an excess value the flow path will line up with the ports and flow air to relief.

Page <number>
Basic Blueprint Reading

Note: see pictorial drawing of this circuit in the following slides

Refer back to the previous single line drawing and compare the single line diagram to the orthographic view.

See 1016v1 for symbols

The piping of a single system may contain more than a single medium. For example, the main process flow line may carry water, the associated auxiliary piping may carry compressed air, inert gas, or hydraulic fluid. Also, a P&ID diagram drawing may illustrate instrument signals and electrical wiring as well as piping.

The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve.

The first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicates its sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourth column is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types of signals being modified.
The following is a list of examples:
FIC = flow indicating controller
FM = flow modifier
PM = pressure modifier
TE= temperature element
TR= temperature recorder
LIC = level indicating controller
TT= temperature transmitter
PT= pressure transmitter
FE= flow element
FI= flow indicator
TI= temperature indicator
FC= flow controller

Sensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Each sensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters.
The exceptions to this are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdon tube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. The slide illustrates various examples of modifiers and transmitters and also illustrates the common notations used to indicate the location of an instrument, for example local or board mounted.
Transmitters are used to convert the signal from a sensor or detector to a form that can be sent to a remote point f o r processing, controlling, or monitoring. The output can be electronic (voltage or current), pneumatic, or hydraulic. The slide illustrates symbols for several specific types of transmitters.

The unilateral method is used when variation from the design size is permissible in one direction only.
In the bilateral method the dimension figure shows the plus or minus variation that is acceptable.
In the limit dimensioning method, the maximum and minimum measurements are both stated.

A datum is a surface, line, or point from which a geometric position is to be determined or from which a distance is to be measured.
Any letter of the alphabet except I, O, and Q may be used as a datum identifying symbol.
A feature control symbol is made of geometric symbols and tolerances.